I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It's easy.
I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It's easy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_las_Mesas
Cerro de las Mesas is home to many stele — artistic stone slabs — several of which contain portrait carvings. Four of these stele — numbers 5, 6, 8, and 15 — contain what are likely to be pieces of Epi-Olmec or Isthmian script.[4]
NUMBER SYSTEM DONE IN FOURS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization
For example, the number 884 would be written with four dots on the lowest level, four dots on the next level up, and two dots on the next level after that, to give 4x1, plus 4x20, plus 2x400. Using this system, the Maya were able to record huge numbers.[308] Simple addition could be performed by summing the dots and bars in two columns to give the result in a third column.[318]
FOUR MEMBERS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire
Early in the history of the empire, Tenochtitlan developed a four-member military and advisory Council which assisted the Huey tlatoani in his decision-making: the tlacochcalcatl; the tlaccatecatl; the ezhuahuacatl;[52] and the tlillancalqui. This design not only provided advise for the ruler, it also served to contain ambition on the part of the nobility, as henceforth Huey Tlatoani could only be selected from the Council. Moreover, the actions of any one member of the Council could easily be blocked by the other three, providing a simple system of checks on the ambition higher officials. These four Council members were also generals, members of various military societies. The ranks of the members were not equal, with the tlacochcalcatl and tlaccatecatl having a higher status than the others. These two Councillors were members of the two most prestigious military societies, the cuauhchique ("shorn ones") and the otontin ("Otomies").[53][54]
http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/kids/aztec-numbers
MOST ANCIENT CULTURES COUNTED AT MOST TO FOUR- THE HINDUS CALLED FOUR THREE PLUS ONE AND THAT IS WHERE THE WORD QUADRANT COMES FROM BECAUSE THREE PLUS ONE SOUNDED LIKE QUADRANT
The first four Aztec numbers had simple names in their language, Náhuatl:-
1 = ce
2 = ome
3 = yei
4 = nahui
The Four Nations Initiative (4NI) is a cooperation project started in 2005 as an initiative by Chile, South Africa, Sweden and Thailand. The initiative was created to contribute to the efforts to reform governance and management systems and structures of the UN Secretariat, departing from the perspective of the UN Member States.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative
The Four Nations Initiative, active from early 2006 until October 2007, consists of a Steering Committee with representatives from all four countries, and a Secretariat based in Stockholm.
UN Secretariat reform is an important topic and was high on the agenda during the tenure of Secretary-General Kofi Annan. There have been many reform efforts, notably the Secretary-General's reports Investing in the United Nations and Mandating and delivering, both from March 2006, and the Comprehensive review of governance and oversight in the UN, June 2006.
The Four Nations Initiative differs from the above-mentioned reform initiatives by being driven by Member States themselves. It is also characterised by its focus on a consultations process trying to create as large as possible scope for consensus before actually submitting reform proposals. The Initiative plans to submit final proposals by September 2007 but a preliminary report is already available on the 4NI website (Towards a Compact - report of preliminary proposals by the Steering Committee of the Four Nations Initiative).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Tribes
The Colorado River Indian Tribes is a federally recognized tribe consisting of the four distinct ethnic groups associated with the Colorado River Indian Reservation: Chemehuevi, the Mohave, Hopi, and Navajo. The tribe has about 4,277 enrolled members.
IT HAS FOUR MEMBERS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur
Mercosur or Mercosul (Spanish: Mercado Común del Sur, Portuguese: Mercado Comum do Sul, Guarani: Ñemby Ñemuha, Southern Common Market) is a sub-regional bloc. Its FOUR full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela (which was suspended on December 1, 2016).
FOUR SHIPS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island
Many names on the island date from this time, and also from May of the same year when the island was visited by four ships of the First Fleet, HMS Supply, Charlotte, Lady Penrhyn and Scarborough when much of the plant and animal life was first recorded in the journals and diaries of visitors like David Blackburn, Master of the Supply, and Arthur Bowes Smyth,[21] surgeon of the Lady Penrhyn. Watercolour sketches of native birds including the Lord Howe woodhen (Gallirallus sylvestris), white gallinule (Porphyrio albus), and Lord Howe pigeon (Columba vitiensis godmanae), were made by artists including George Raper and John Hunter
FOUR MAIN CLANS
https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/bororo/243
In the spatial distribution of the houses around the village circle each clan occupies a specific place. The village is divided into two exogamic halves - Exerae and Tugarége -, each of them subdivided into four main clans, which are composed of several lineages. There is a hierarchy among lineages manifested in categories such as larger/smaller, more important/less important/ older brother/younger brother. People who belong to the same clan but to hierarchically different lineages are not supposed to live in the same house.
I POSTED THIS A WHILE AGO ABOUT THE FOUR GRAND CIVILIZAITONS OF THE AMERICAS IT IS IN MY QUADRANT GROUP PAGE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations
The Muisca established on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense one of the four grand civilisations of the pre-Columbian Americas
I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It's easy.
TENOCHTITLAN WAS IN THE SHAPE OF A CROSS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ZONES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan
Moctezuma was said to take four baths a day
The city was divided into four zones, or campan; each campan was divided into 20 districts (calpullis, Nahuatl calpōlli); and each calpulli, or 'big house', was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli
Here is another excerpt from my
book the quadrant model of reality
The Navajo creation myth illuminates the quadrant model pattern. This creation myth is the central myth to the Navajo and used for healing rituals with sand paintings by the Navajo. Merci Eliad points out that origin myths always have a central significance to people's because there is a desire to return to the glorified beginning. There are four worlds in the Navajo origins myth
Square 1: the first world is dark and contains a fire God who is masculine within a feminine goddess like a yin and yang. The first man and woman are in this world. There is also a salt woman.
Square 2: the second world where the people of the first world ascend to and it is full of sparrow people who welcome the people. Square 2 is always nice. But man and woman struggle with cat people and are forced to the third world. The fire God kills a pair of twins he creates so that they can become transmitters of life.
Square 3: the third world is an evil world full of snake people who are evil. The third square is always evil. Begochidi who created the pair of twins in the previous world, creates animals, birds, plant life, and rivers. But all speak one language.
Square 4: the fourth world is where there is differentiation between humans and nature. The fourth is always bad. There are four sacred mountains created, and these four mountains, fulfilling the quadrant model pattern, are the sacred mountains of the Navajo. There is a flood caused by a coyote in this world like the flood of the Old Testament.
The Navajo creation myth takes the same form as the Hopi creation myth, both fulfilling the quadrant model pattern.
AZTECS HAVE A FIFTH ULTRA TRANSCENDENT SUN AND A FOURTH TRANSCENDENT SUN- THE FIFTH SUN IS CALLED THE FOUR MOVEMENT SUN
THE FIFTH SUN IS ULTRA TRANSCENDENT AND CALLED THE FOUR MOVEMENT SUN- AZTECS
FOUR MAIN AZTEC GODS "NUMBER FOUR ORDERS THE AZTEC COSMOS"- FOUR PRIESTS HOLD VICTIM DOWN FIFTH SLITS
AZTECS USED A BASE 20 AND SAW IT AS FOUR FIVES
THEY HAD FOUR PRIESTLY GRADES "THE NUMBER FOUR ACTS AS THE ORDERING FORCE OF THE COSMOS"
QUADRANT
FOUR AND SEVEN SIGNIFICANT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebloans
In 1954, Paul Kirchhoff published a division of the Pueblo peoples into two groups based on culture.[2] The Hopi, Zuni, Keres and Jemez each have matrilineal kinship systems: children are considered born into their mother's clan and must marry a spouse outside it, an exogamous practice. They maintain multiple kivas for sacred ceremonies. Their creation myth tells that humans emerged from the underground. They emphasize four or six cardinal directions as part of their sacred cosmology, beginning in the north. Four and seven are numbers considered significant in their rituals and symbolism.[2]
THE FOUR ISLAND KINGDOMS OF HAWAII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paʻao
At this time in Hawai'i's history the four island kingdoms were: Kauaʻi (Kauaʻi & Niʻihau), Oʻahu, Maui (Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi and Kaho'olawe) Hawai'i. After the over throw by Pāʻao and Pili, Kapawā fled to the Island Kingdom of Maui where his royal relatives through the ancient ʻUlu blood lines provided him with shelter and protection. The two blood lines between Hawai'i (Pili) and Maui (ʻUlu) would often battle with Maui usually remaining victorious. It isn't until Kamehameha's time did Hawai'i fully conquer the Island kingdom of Maui. After having done so, Kamehameha was able to complete his conquest in the unification of the Hawaiian islands under one rule. King Kamehameha the Great was a direct descendant of Pili.
THE FIFTH AGE FOR THE AZTECS "SIGNIFIES DEMISE" BECAUSE IT IS BEYOND THE FOUR AND REPRESENTS EXCESS (OUTSIDE OF THE QUADRANT)
QUADRANT
QUATREFOILS AND QUINCUNXES ARE QUADRANTS/CROSSES AND THEY REPRESENT THE AZTECS FIVE SUNS
QUADRANT
FOUR GOVERNORS OF HAWAII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Hawaii_(island)
In the 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii it states:
There shall be four governors over these Hawaiian Islands - one for Hawaiʻi - one for Maui and the Islands adjacent - one for Oʻahu, and one for Kauaʻi and the adjacent Islands. All the governors, from Hawaiʻi to Kauaʻi shall be subject to the King.
FOUR TRAPEZOIDAL BLADES SURROUNDING FACE of TONATIUH
QUAD
AZTECS REPRESENTED BUTTERFLIES FOUR WINGS AND CENTER CIRCLE (EVERYTHING CENTERED AROUND THE QUADRANT)
AZTECS FOUR PETALS
QUADRANT
FOUR PETALS AND FOUR WINGS AZTEC ART REPRESENTING FIVE SUNS QUINCUNX FOUR AND CENTER- CROSS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica
It has been argued that among Mesoamerican societies the concepts of space and time are associated with the four cardinal compass points and linked together by the calendar.[34] Dates or events were always tied to a compass direction, and the calendar specified the symbolic geographical characteristic peculiar to that period. Resulting from the significance held by the cardinal directions, many Mesoamerican architectural features, if not entire settlements, were planned and oriented with respect to directionality.
In Maya cosmology, each cardinal point was assigned a specific color and a specific jaguar deity (Bacab). They are as follows:
Hobnil, Bacab of the East, associated with the color red and the Kan years
Can Tzicnal, Bacab of the North, assigned the color white and the Muluc years
'Zac Cimi, Bacab of the West, associated with the color black and the Ix years
Hozanek, Bacab of the South, associated with the color yellow and the Cauac years.
Later cultures such as the Kaqchikel and K'iche' maintain the association of cardinal directions with each color, but utilized different names.
Among the Aztec, the name of each day was associated with a cardinal point (thus conferring symbolic significance), and each cardinal direction was associated with a group of symbols. Below are the symbols and concepts associated with each direction:
East: crocodile, the serpent, water, cane, and movement. The East was linked to the world priests and associated with vegetative fertility, or, in other words, tropical exuberance.
North: wind, death, the dog, the jaguar, and flint (or chert). The north contrasts with the east in that it is conceptualized as dry, cold, and oppressive. It is considered to be the nocturnal part of the universe and includes the dwellings of the dead. The dog (xoloitzcuintle) has a very specific meaning, as it accompanies the deceased during the trip to the lands of the dead and helps them cross the river of death that leads into nothingness. (See also Dogs in Mesoamerican folklore and myth).
West: the house, the deer, the monkey, the eagle, and rain. The west was associated with the cycles of vegetation, specifically the temperate high plains that experience light rains and the change of seasons.
South: rabbit, the lizard, dried herbs, the buzzard, and flowers. It is related on the one hand to the luminous Sun and the noon heat, and on the other with rain filled with alcoholic drink. The rabbit, the principal symbol of the west, was associated with farmers and with pulque.
Agriculturally based people historically divide the year into four seasons. These included the two solstices and the two equinoxes, which could be thought of as the four "directional pillars" that support the year. These four times of the year were, and still are, important as they indicate seasonal changes that directly impact the lives of Mesoamerican agriculturalists.
THE FOURTH MAYAN CODEX IS DIFFERENT
http://www.archaeology.org/issues/44-1211/features/305-groiler-dresden-codex
We gather much of what we know about Maya astronomical knowledge from detailed records they themselves created on the pages of bark-paper books called codices. In the mid-sixteenth century, Franciscan missionaries burned nearly all of the Maya’s written records in an effort to eradicate their religion. Today, only three or four Maya codices remain. Three of them are named for the European cities where they are kept—Dresden, Paris, and Madrid. The authenticity of a fourth book called the Grolier Codex, now in Mexico City, is still disputed. The codices were probably written no earlier than the twelfth century A.D., but the Maya may have copied books that were written much earlier. According to archaeoastronomer Anthony Aveni, the codices were used to set dates for rituals, often by linking them to astronomical events.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC
In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. It is typically rendered as "the BRICs" or "the BRIC countries" or "the BRIC economies" or alternatively as the "Big Four". A related acronym, BRICS, adds South Africa. There are arguments that Indonesia should be included into grouping, effectively turning it into BRIIC or BRIICS.[2]
"THE COSMOS PRIOR TO THE UNFOLDING OF THE FIVE SUN- EARTH ORDERSINGS HAS SIDES/QUADRANTS- THESE ARE FOUR IN NUMBER
THERE ARE FOUR SUNS BEFORE THE PRESENT ONE AND THE NUMBER FOUR ORDERS THE PRESENT SUN THE FOUR MOVEMENT SUN- AZTECS--- EACH SUN WAS CALLED THE FOUR SOMETHING SUN LIKE THE FOUR WIND SUN THE FOUR OCELOTL SUN THE FOUR FIRE SUN AND THE FOUR WATER SUN
FOUR IS THE NUMBER OF SACRED TREES
I DISCUSSED THAT THE FIFTH IN THE QUADRANT MODEL IS ALWAYS QUESTIOANBLE UNNECESSARY- NICHOLSON SAYS THAT TO THE AZTECS THE NUMBER FIVE CONNOTES EXCESS- THE FOUR IS ORDER BUT FIFTH IS EXCESS FOR INSTANCE THIS WAS THE WAY THEY SAW THE FIFTH SUN AND THEY SAY THAT YOU CAN DRINK FOUR CUPS OF PULQUE- FIVE IS TOO MUCH- DEITIES REPRESENTING EXCESS ARE CONNOTED BY THE NUMBER FIVE- FIVE FLOWER
AZTECS FOUR PETALS
QUADRANT
FOUR PETALS AND FOUR WINGS AZTEC ART REPRESENTING FIVE SUNS QUINCUNX FOUR AND CENTER- CROSS
AZTEC BALLCOURTS ALSO SYMBOLIZED "FOUR QUADRANTS"
AZTECS REPRESENTED BUTTERFLIES FOUR WINGS AND CENTER CIRCLE (EVERYTHING CENTERED AROUND THE QUADRANT)
OLIN GLYPHS REPRESENTING SUN ARE QUADRANTS
SIXTEEN PETAL SEAL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan
During the Meiji period, no one was permitted to use the Imperial Seal except the Emperor of Japan, who used a 16 petal chrysanthemum with sixteen tips of another row of petals showing behind the first row. Therefore, each member of the Imperial family used a slightly modified version of the seal. Shinto shrines either displayed the imperial seal or incorporated elements of the seal into their own emblems.
Earlier in Japanese history, when Emperor Go-Daigo, who tried to break the power of the shogunate in 1333, was exiled, he adopted the seventeen-petal chrysanthemum to differentiate himself from the Northern Court's Emperor Kōgon, who kept the imperial 16-petal mon.[citation needed]
Description[edit]
The symbol is a yellow or orange chrysanthemum with black or red outlines and background. A central disc is surrounded by a front set of 16 petals. A rear set of 16 petals are half staggered in relation to the front set and are visible at the edges of the flower. An example of the chrysanthemum being used is in the badge for the Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Other members of the Imperial Family use a version with 14 single petals, while a form with 16 single petals is used for Diet members' pins, orders, passports, and other items that carry or represent the authority of the Emperor. The Imperial Seal is also used on the standards of the Imperial Family.[1]
FOUR TYPES DANCES CHOKTAW
Quadrant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era
The Muisca of Colombia, postdating the Herrera Period, Valdivia of Ecuador, the Quechuas and the Aymara of Peru and Bolivia were the four most important sedentary Amerindian groups in South America
EAGLE DANCE OF CHOKTAW DONE IN FOURS FOUR MEN ROWS OF FOUR
Quadrant
IT DESCRIBES THE NUMBER FOUR BEING INCORPORATED INTO THE PHRASE DESIGNS OF THE CHOCTAW AS THEY SAW IT AS THE SACRED NUMBER
Quadrant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization
It comprises four coastal valleys: the Huaura, Supe, Pativilca, and Fortaleza; known sites are concentrated in the latter three, which share a common coastal plain. The three principal valleys cover only 1,800 km², and research has emphasized the density of the population centers.[12]
BORORO SAID UNIVERSE SHAPED AS FOUR PIE SHAPED PIECES (A QUADRANT) AND HAD FOUR CLANS FOR EACH OF THE QUADRANTS
Quadrant
http://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html
While Olmec figurines are found abundantly in sites throughout the Formative Period, it is the stone monuments such as the colossal heads that are the most recognizable feature of Olmec culture. These monuments can be divided into four classes:
Colossal heads
Rectangular "altars" (more likely thrones)
Free-standing in-the-round sculpture, such as the twins from El Azuzul or San Martin Pajapan Monument 1.
Stelae, such as La Venta Monument 19 above. The stelae form was generally introduced later than the colossal heads, altars, or free-standing sculptures. Over time stelae moved from simple representation of figures, such as Monument 19 or La Venta Stela 1, toward representations of historical events, particularly acts legitimizing rulers. This trend would culminate in post-Olmec monuments such as La Mojarra Stela 1, which combines images of rulers with script and calendar dates.
FOUR PRIMARY MATERNAL LINEAGES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era
Schurr, Theodore G.; Scott W. Ballinger, Yik-Yuen Gan, Judith A. Hodge, D. Andrew Merriwether, Dale N. Lawrence, William C. Knowler, Kenneth M. Weiss, and Douglas C. Wallace (March 1990). "Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cell Press. 46 (3): 613–623. ISSN 0002-9297. OCLC 120356210. PMC 1683611 Freely accessible. PMID 1968708.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca
Among the territories there were four chiefdoms: Bacatá, Hunza, Duitama, and Sogamoso.
FOUR MAIN LEADERS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitama
Before the Spanish conquest, the Muisca were organized in a loose Muisca Confederation.[2] The confederation was composed of four main political and religious leaders, from south to north; the zipa based in Bacatá, the zaque of Hunza, the iraca of Sugamuxi and the Tundama of Duitama, then called Tundama. Additionally, more independent caciques governed other villages.
FOUR GREAT CIVILIZAITONS OF THE AMERICAS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotá
The civilisation built by the Muisca, who settled in the valleys and fertile highlands of and surrounding the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (modern-day departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá and small parts of Santander), was one of the four great civilisations in the Americas
The city offers 58 museums and over 70 art galleries.[citation needed] The Colombian National Museum has acquisitions divided into four collections: art, history, archeology and ethnography. The Gold Museum, with 35,000 pieces of tumbaga gold, along with 30,000 objects in ceramic, stone and textiles, represents the largest collection of pre-Columbian gold in the world.[citation needed]
FOUR NOSTRILS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense
Muiscasaurus, with four nostrils
Hogenboom, Melissa (18 October 2015). "There was once a marine reptile that had four nostrils". BBC - Earth. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
FOUR GRAND CIVILIZAITONS AMERICA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America#Andean_civilizations
Of these indigenous groups, the Muisca were the most advanced and formed one of the four grand civilisations in the Americas
THREE PLUS ONE STRUCTURES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization
The set of traits shared by Mesoamerican cultures also included astronomical knowledge, blood and human sacrifice, and a cosmovision that viewed the world as divided into four divisions aligned with the cardinal directions, each with different attributes, and a three-way division of the world into the celestial realm, the earth, and the underworld.[4
The Maya were keen observers of the sun, stars, and planets.[239] E-Groups were a particular arrangement of temples that were relatively common in the Maya region;[240] they take their names from Group E at Uaxactun.[241] They consisted of three small structures facing a fourth structure, and were used to mark the solstices and equinoxes. The earliest examples date to the Preclassic period