Quadrant Model of Reality

FOUR MEMBERED RINGS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Four-membered_rings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Azetidines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyclobutanes

Tetraterpenes contain eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula C40H64. Biologically important tetraterpenoids include the acyclic lycopene, the monocyclic gamma-carotene, and the bicyclic alpha- and beta-carotenes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Carotenoids belong to the category of tetraterpenoids (i.e., they contain 40 carbon atoms, being built from four terpene units each containing 10 carbon atoms). Structurally, carotenoids take the form of a polyene hydrocarbon chain which is sometimes terminated by rings, and may or may not have additional oxygen atoms attached.

The four carbon atoms in cyclobutane are not coplanar, instead the ring typically adopts a folded or "puckered" conformation.[1] One of the carbon atoms makes a 25° angle with the plane formed by the other three carbons. In this way some of the eclipsing interactions are reduced. The conformation is also known as a "butterfly". Equivalent puckered conformations interconvert:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobutane

Cyclobutanetetrone, also called tetraoxocyclobutane, is an organic compound[1] with formula C4O4 or (-(C=O)-)4, the fourfold ketone of cyclobutane. It would be an oxide of carbon, indeed a tetramer of carbon monoxide. (TETRAMER)

(MAKES A QUADRANT)

Squaric acid, also called quadratic acid, because its four carbon atoms approximately form a square, is an organic compound with chemical formula C4H2O4.

(LOOK LIKE QUADRANTS) Another, quantum mechanical, way of describing the dianion is to assume that the π electrons of the two double-bonded oxygen atoms are shifted to the latter, so that all four oxygens become single-bonded -O− groups and a double positive electric charge is left in the ring of carbon atoms. In this way the ring fits Hückel's rule for aromaticity (2 π-electrons = 4n + 2 with n = 0). The total symmetry of the dianion is a consequence of charge distribution and aromaticity.

Squaramides are amides of squaric acids. They are four membered vinylogously conjugated diamides. Hydrogen bonding occurs at four locations and is aided by delocalisation of electrons on nitrogen's orbitals to the carbonyl group. H-bonding and thus delocalization further increases ring aromaticity.[9]

FOUR MEMBERED

Cyclobutanone is an organic compound with molecular formula C4H6O. It is a four-membered cyclic ketone (cycloalkanone). Unlike cyclopropanone, the smallest but extremely volatile cyclic ketone, cyclobutanone is a stable liquid at room temperature and can be distilled.

A number of methods were tried in order to construct the strained four-carbon ring. A synthesis of 3,3-diphenylcyclobutanone appeared in the literature.[2] The ketone was prepared in low yield by the reaction of diphenylketene with 2 equiv of diazomethane.[3] The latter synthesis, although low yielding, was used and the desired amines were prepared from 3,3-diphenylcyclobutanone.

FOUR MEMBER RING

In chemistry, a ladderane is an organic molecule containing two or more fused cyclobutane rings. The name arises from the resemblance of a series of fused cyclobutane rings to a ladder. Numerous synthetic approaches have been developed for the synthesis of ladderane compounds of various lengths.[1] The mechanisms often involve [2 + 2] photocycloadditions, a useful reaction for creating strained 4-membered rings. Naturally occurring ladderanes have been identified as major components of the anammoxosome membrane of the anammox bacteria, Planctomycetes.[2]

Octafluorocyclobutane, or perfluorocyclobutane, C4F8, is an organofluorine compound which enjoys several niche applications. It is related to cyclobutane by replacement of all C–H bonds with C–F bonds. Octafluorocyclobutane is produced by the dimerization of tetrafluoroethylene and the reductive coupling of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.[1]

Applications[edit]

In the production of semiconductor materials and devices, octafluorocyclobutane serves as a deposition gas and etchant.[2] It has also been investigated as a refrigerant in specialised applications, as a replacement for ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Exploiting its volatility and chemical inertness, octafluorocyclobutane may be found in some aerosolized foods. It is listed by the Codex Alimentarius under number 946 (E946 for EU). It is investigated as a possible replacement for sulfur hexafluoride as a dielectric gas.

16 carbon central cage  The name pagodane is used more generally for any member of a family of compounds whose molecular skeletons have the same 16-carbon central cage as the basic compound. Each member can be seen as the result of connecting eight atoms of this cage in pairs by four alkane chains. The general member is denoted [m.n.p.q]pagodane where m, n, p and q are the number of carbons of those four chains. The general formula is then C

16+sH

12+2s where s= m+n+p+q. In particular, the basic compound C

20H

20 has those carbons connected by four methylene bridges (m=n=p=q=1), and its name within that family is therefore [1.1.1.1]pagodane.[2]

FOUR MEMBER RING

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Pinene

α-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene.[1] It is an alkene and it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Satureja myrtifolia (also known as Zoufa in some regions.)[2][3] Both enantiomers are known in nature; (1S,5S)- or (−)-α-pinene is more common in European pines, whereas the (1R,5R)- or (+)-α-isomer is more common in North America. The racemic mixture is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil and orange peel oil.

Contents  [hide] 

1 Reactivity

2 Atmospheric role

3 Properties and usage

4 References

Reactivity[edit]

Some general reactions of alpha-pinene

The four-membered ring in α-pinene 1 makes it a reactive hydrocarbon, prone to skeletal rearrangements such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. For example, attempts to perform hydration or hydrogen halide addition with the alkene functionality typically lead to rearranged products. With concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol the major products are terpineol 2 and its ethyl ether 3, while glacial acetic acid gives the corresponding acetate ester 4. With dilute acids, terpin hydrate 5 becomes the major product.

With one molar equivalent of anhydrous HCl, the simple addition product 6a can be formed at low temperature in the presence of ether, but it is very unstable. At normal temperatures, or if no ether is present, the major product is bornyl chloride 6b, along with a small amount of fenchyl chloride 6c.[4] For many years 6b (also called "artificial camphor") was referred to as "pinene hydrochloride", until it was confirmed as identical with bornyl chloride made from camphene. If more HCl is used, achiral 7 (dipentene hydrochloride) is the major product along with some 6b. Nitrosyl chloride followed by base leads to the oxime 8 which can be reduced to "pinylamine" 9. Both 8 and 9 are stable compounds containing an intact four-membered ring, and these compounds helped greatly in identifying this important component of the pinene skeleton.[5]

A variety of reagents such as iodine or PCl3 cause aromatisation, leading to p-cymene 10.

Under aerobic oxidation conditions, the main oxidation products are pinene oxide, verbenyl hydroperoxide, verbenol and verbenone.[6]

[2.2.2]Propellane, formally tricyclo[2.2.2.01,4]octane is an organic compound, a member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C8H12, or C2(C2H4)3. Its molecule has three rings with four carbon atoms each, sharing one C–C bond.

FOUR MEMBER RING

A cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) contains a four membered ring arising from the coupling of the C=C double bonds of pyrimidines.[4][5][6] Such dimers interfere with base pairing during DNA replication, leading to mutations.

TETRA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol

2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (CBDO) is an aliphatic diol. This diol is produced as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers, depending on the relative stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups. It is used as a monomer for the synthesis of polymeric materials. CBDO is currently being researched as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is a precursor used in the production of a wide range of polymers including polycarbonates, polyesters, polysulfones, and polyester ketones.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truxinic_acid

These compounds have four chiral carbon atoms, which looks like there should be 16 (24) stereoisomers. However, the symmetry of the molecule allows for only ten possibilities, of which six have been described in literature:[4][5]

16 STEREOISOMERS

These compounds have four chiral carbon atoms, which looks like there should be 16 (24) stereoisomers. However, the symmetry of the molecule allows for only five possibilities:[4][5]

16 STEREOISOMERS 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truxillic_acid

Azete is a heterocyclic chemical compound consisting of an unsaturated four-membered ring with three carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom.

Ab initio calculations indicate butalene has a planar geometry and, in keeping with a planar structure with 6 π-electron configuration, is aromatic. Thus, the most significant π bonding interactions involve conjugation around the periphery of the whole six-atom structure, similar to benzene, rather than cross-ring resonance along the bridging bond.[2] Significant resonance around one or the other four-membered ring alone would be a less-stable antiaromatic form, as is seen in cyclobutadiene itself.

FOUR MEMBER RING https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butalene

Cyclobutadiene is the smallest [n]-annulene ([4]-annulene), an extremely unstable hydrocarbon having a lifetime shorter than five seconds in the free state[citation needed]. It has chemical formula C4H4. It is believed to be in equilibrium between a pair of rectangular/nonplanar ground states and a square, excited triplet state based upon theoretical calculations,[1] and through spectroscopic[2] and crystallographic[3] investigation of substituted cyclobutadienes, in an argon matrix[citation needed] and inside carceplexes.[2] Though it has alternating single and double bonds, it is predicted triplet, unstable and antiaromatic by Hückel's rule,[4] because its ring has 4 π-electrons, and 4 is not twice an odd number. Some cyclobutadiene–metal compounds are stable, thought to be caused by the metal atom providing 2 more electrons to the system. Planar, rectangular distortion to a singlet ground state is caused by the Jahn–Teller effect.[5] Tetra-t-butyl substituted cyclobutadiene is sufficiently stable to allow for its X-ray crystal structure to be determined, which reveals a distorted, nonplanar geometry and C-C double bond lengths longer than normal (1.464 vs expected 1.34 A)[3]

LOOKS LIKE QUADRANT

Cyclobutyne (C4H4) is a hydrocarbon molecule containing a triple bond within a four carbon atom ring.[1] This cycloalkyne is very unstable due to its high ring strain and has not been isolated in the pure state. However, osmium coordination complexes containing cyclobutyne have been synthesized.[2]

Quadrant

A cyclodiphosphazane is a type of chemical compound and a saturated four membered P2N2 ring and one of the major classes of cyclic phosphazene compounds. Bis(chloro)cyclodiphosphazanes, cis-[ClP(μ-NR)]2 are important starting compounds for synthesizing a variety of cyclodiphosphazane derivatives by nucleophilic substitution reactions; are prepared by reaction of phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) with a primary amine (RNH2) or amine hydrochlorides (RNH3Cl).

 FOUR MEMBER

The structure of diorganotin oxides depends on the size of the organic groups. For smaller substituents, the materials are assumed to be polymeric with five-coordinate Sn centers and 3-coordinate oxide centers. The result is a net of interconnected four-membered Sn2O2 and eight-membered Sn4O4 rings. The presence of pentacoordinate Sn centers is deduced from 119Sn NMR spectroscopy and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy.[2]

FOUR MEMBER

Passing gaseous S4N4 over silver metal wool at 250–300 °C at low pressure (1mm Hg) yields cyclic S2N2. The silver reacts with the sulfur produced by the thermal decomposition of the S4N4 to form Ag2S, and the resulting Ag2S catalyzes the conversion of the S4N4 into the four-membered ring S2N2,[1]

FOUR MEMBER https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride

1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides are a class of four-membered ring compounds which contain a P2S2 ring, many of these compounds are able to act as sources of the dithiophosphine ylides. The most well known example of this class of compound is Lawesson's reagent.

FOUR MEMBER

FOUR MEMBER

Lawesson's reagent has a four membered ring of alternating sulfur and phosphorus atoms. With heating, the central phosphorus/sulfur four-membered ring can open to form two reactive dithiophosphine ylides (R-PS2). Much of the chemistry of Lawessons's reagent is in fact the chemistry of these reactive intermediates.

FOUR MEMBER

Thietane is a heterocyclic compound containing a saturated four-membered ring with three carbon atoms and one sulfur atom.[1][2]

Thietane, and its derivative 2-propylthietane, are strong-smelling mouse alarm pheromones and predator scent analogues.[3][4] Both the mouse and human olfactory receptors MOR244-3 and OR2T11, respectively, were found to respond to thietane in the presence of copper.[5]

Thiete is a heterocyclic compound containing an unsaturated four-membered ring with three carbon atoms and one sulfur atom.[1][2][3] It is more commonly encountered not on its own, but in anellated derivatives, several of which have been synthesized. Thietes are generally not very stable.[4]